Tracing the Divine Thread: Philosophical and Religious Influences on the Evolution of Cultural Values in Chinese Literature

Abstract

This study examines the philosophical and religious underpinnings of cultural values as they have evolved through Chinese literary works across various historical epochs. Beginning with the classical era, the Analects of Confucius articulate a worldview steeped in social hierarchy, filial piety, and ethical idealism, emphasizing respect and familial duties as fundamental societal pillars. Such values are illustrated through Confucian principles like "Respect your parents..." (Analects 1:2), which underscore a deep-seated philosophical and spiritual framework that prioritizes harmony and moral rectitude. Transitioning to the Ming Dynasty, "The Dream of the Red Chamber" provides a nuanced portrayal of these enduring values amidst changing social dynamics. While still mirroring patriarchal norms and the veneration of filial piety, the text also begins to explore themes of individualism and personal agency through complex characters like Lin Daiyu. This period reflects a tension between traditional Confucian ideals and emerging new thoughts that challenge the established order, suggesting a philosophical evolution influenced by both religious doctrine and socio-political changes. Throughout these literary works, ethical idealism is conveyed not only through narrative elements but also through the meticulous use of moral vocabulary and kinship terms that reinforce family hierarchy and social roles. Terms such as "仁义道德" (ren yi dao de - benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and morality) and respectful designations for family members like "父亲" (fùqīn - father) highlight the deeply embedded Confucian values that have shaped and been shaped by the philosophical and religious landscape of China. This exploration of Chinese literary works reveals how deeply intertwined literary expression and philosophical-religious values are, with literature serving both as a reflection of and a catalyst for the evolution of cultural norms. The study underscores the importance of understanding these dynamics to fully appreciate the complex interplay between philosophy, religion, and cultural expression in historical and modern contexts.